Capsules are solid preparations in which drug substance(s) and/or excipients are enclosed in either a soft or hard soluble shell.  The shell is normally 

made from gelatin or other suitable polymeric material and results in a simple, tasteless, odourless, elegant, easy-to-swallow dosage form without 

need for a secondary coating step.
Depending on the composition of the capsule shell, capsules may be classified as either hard or soft capsule, with soft capsules possessing a flexible, 

plasticized gelatin film. The shells may be composed of two pieces in the form of cylinders closed at one end; the shorter piece, called the ‘cap’ and 

the longer piece, called the ‘body’, or they may be composed of a single piece. The two-piece capsules and one-piece capsules are commonly referred 

to as hard-shell capsules and soft-shell capsules respectively.

The shells may be composed of two pieces in the form of cylinders closed at one end; the shorter piece, called the ‘cap’ and the longer piece, called 

the ‘body’, or they may be composed of a single piece. The two-piece capsules and one-piece capsules are commonly referred to as hard-shell capsules 

and soft-shell capsules respectively.

mini-tablets, and even mini capsules most of which are intended for oral administration. There are also specialty applications such as capsules that can 

be loaded into dry-powdered inhalers, add reagents as part of a diagnostic kit, and occasionally soft-shell capsules intended for rectal or vaginal insertion 

as suppositories.
The first capsule prepared from gelatin was a one-piece capsule patented in France by Pharmacist Joseph Gerard Dublanc and Francois Achille Barnabe 

Mothes (a pharmacy student) in 1834. Although the shells of these early capsules were not plasticized, such capsules likely would be classified today as 

soft gelatin capsules based on shape, contents, and other features.
In 1848, James Murdock invented the two-piece telescoping (hard gelatin) capsule patented in England in 1865.

Types of capsules
1.Hard gelatin capsules

Hard gelatin capsules also known as two-piece capsules or dry-filled capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more drug substances and/or excipients 

are enclosed within a small shell. The shell consists of two parts: the body designed to contain the drug and the diluent, and the cap that is approximately 

half as long as the body.
Hard gelatin capsules are produced empty and are then filled in a separate operation. During the capsule filling unit operation, the body is filled with the 

medicament, followed by the insertion of the cap over the body.
Hard gelatin capsules are made from gelatin and other materials used either to enable capsule formation or to improve their performance. The capsules 

contain 13 – 16 % water, but the water content can vary, depending on the storage conditions.
When the humidity is low, capsules can become brittle; if stored at high humidities, the capsules can become ?accid, sticky, and lose their shape. Storage 

in high-temperature areas can also affect the quality of hard gelatin capsules.
Hard shell capsules are available in a variety of standard sizes and are designated by numbers from 000 to 5. The size of the 000 capsule is the highest and 

that of the number 5 capsule is the smallest.

Soft gelatin capsules also referred to as soft shell capsule, soft elastic capsule, or softgel  are single-unit solid dosage form, consisting of a liquid, semi-solid, dry 

powders, or even preformed tablets fill enveloped by a one-piece hermetically sealed elastic outer shell.

Similar to hard gelatin shells, Soft gelatin capsules are made from shells of gelatin to which plasticizers such as glycerol, polyols or other suitable materials have 

been added. Other components may include dyes, opacifiers, flavours and preservatives (often included in the capsule shell formulation to prevent microbial 

or fungal growth).

Filled soft gelatin capsules are commercially available in a wide variety of shapes (e.g. round, oblong, tubular). They may be single coloured or two-toned and 

may be imprinted with identifying markings.

1.Hard gelatin capsules have two separate parts namely a body and a cap whereas soft gelatin capsules are hermetically sealed one-piece capsules and cannot 

be separated.

2.Hardshell capsules are manufactured in a two-step process; the shells are manufactured by one type of machine and the filling achieved by a different machine 

whereas the manufacture, feeding and sealing of soft gelatin capsules are achieved by only one machine.

3.Hard gelatin capsules usually contain dry powders, slightly compressed plugs, granules, or tablets. whereas soft gelatin capsules typically contain liquids and 

semisolids.